"This is a very controversial topic since sirtuins have been shown to be both good and bad," Longo noted. "In our previous studies [in mice and mammalian cells], for example, we showed that it was the absence of SIRT1 that protected neurons.

"So maybe there is a trade-off between protection against toxicity and function such as that which is essential for learning and memory."

In the Longo group's study, mice missing the SIRT1 gene not only had cognitive problems, but also physical defects in their neural networks. The neurons of such mice had simpler structures with less branching and complexity - indicators of a decreased ability to learn and adapt.

At the other end, mice engineered to over-express the SIRT1 gene performed no better on learning and memory tests than normal mice. Their brains did not show any adverse physical characteristics.

Source : Journal of Neuroscience